Hethum I, King of Armenia

Hethum I Հեթում Ա
King
Hethum I with Queen Zabel on a coin
Predecessor	Queen Zabel
Successor	Levon II
Dynasty	House of Lambron

Hethum I (died 1271) (also transliterated Hethoum, Hetoum, Het'um, or Hayton from Armenian: Հեթում Ա) ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (also known as "Little Armenia") from 1226 to 1270. He was the son of Constantine, Lord of Baberon and Partzapert (a third-cousin of Leo I) and was the founder of the dynasty which bears his name: the Hetoumids. Due to diplomatic relations with the Mongol Empire, Hethum himself traveled to the Mongol court in Karakorum, Mongolia, which was recorded in the famous account "The Journey of Haithon, King of Little Armenia, To Mongolia and Back" by Hetoum's companion, the Armenian historian Kirakos Gandzaketsi.

Contents 1 Family 2 Armenian-Mongol relations 3 Retirement 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links

Family

Hethum's father Constantine had been regent for the young Queen Zabel of Armenia. Zabel originally married Philip (1222–1225), son of Bohemond IV of Antioch. However, Constantine had Philip disposed of, and instead forced Zabel to marry his own son, Hethum, on June 14, 1226, to make Zabel and Hethum co-rulers. The couple had six children:

1. Leo II (died 1289)
2. Thoros (died at the battle of Mari in 1266 fighting the Mamluks)
3. Sibylla (died 1290), who married Bohemund VI of Antioch
4. Euphemie (died 1309), who married to Julian Grenier, Lord of Sidon
5. Rita of Armenia
6. Maria, who married Guy d'Ibelin

Armenian-Mongol relations

Hethum was a major player in the political struggles and shifting alliances around the Crusader states, as the Armenians had ties with all sides. They were primarily aligned with the Europeans, but during Hethum's reign, the rapidly expanding Mongol Empire became a concern. As the Mongols approached the borders of Cappadocia and Cilicia, King Hethum made a strategic decision to submit to Mongol suzerainty,^[2][3][4][5] and sent his brother Sempad to the Mongol court in Karakorum. There, Sempad met Great khan Güyük, and made a formal agreement in 1247 in which Cilician Armenia would be considered a vassal state of the Mongol Empire. In 1254, Hethum himself traveled through Central Asia to Mongolia to renew the agreement, passing through the Turkish states of eastern Asia Minor, the Mongol camp at Kars in Greater Armenia, the Iron Gates of Derbent at the western short of the Caspian Sea, and from there across Asia to Karakorum.^[6] He brought many sumptuous presents, and met with Mongke Khan (Guyuk's cousin). The account of his travels was recorded by a member of his suite, Kirakos Gandzaketsi as "The Journey of Haithon, King of Little Armenia, To Mongolia and Back". The Journey of Hethoum was later translated into Russian, French, English,^[7] and Chinese languages. The narrative is important for its observations of Mongol, Buddhist, and Chinese culture, geography, and wildlife.

On his way back from Karakorum, Hethum passed through Samarkand and northern Persia, also visiting the Mongol leader Bayju, where he was present in his camp to witness Bayju's victory in Asia Minor against the Seljuq Turks.^[8]

Hethum strongly encouraged other Frankish rulers to follow his example and submit to Mongol suzerainty, but the only one who did so was Hethum's son-in-law, Bohemond VI of Antioch, who submitted around 1259. Armenian troops were with the Mongol army that captured Baghdad in 1258, and both Armenians and Antiochenes fought in the Mongol Army under Hulagu at the Siege of Aleppo and Fall of Damascus in 1260.^[9][10] Historical accounts, quoting from the writings of the medieval historian Templar of Tyre, often give a dramatic account of the three Christian rulers (Hethum, Bohemond, and the Mongol general Kitbuqa) entering the city of Damascus together in triumph,^[10][11] though modern historians have questioned this story as apocryphal.^[12][13][14]

Despite the Mongol's territorial gains, in September 1260, the Egyptian Mamluks rallied, defeating the Mongols at the historic battle of Ain Jalut and driving them back across the Euphrates River. The Mongols would not again capture Syria until 1299–1300, when again they would hold it only for a few months.

Retirement

During the last years of Hethum's reign, largely as a result of Hethum's active support of the Mongols,^[15] the Kingdom came under increasing attack by the Mamluks, who invaded in 1266, taking 40,000 Armenians captive, (including Hethum's son, Leo) at the Disaster of Mari. Hethum was able to ransom his son by conceding territory to the Egyptians. In May 1268, the allied Principality of Antioch was overrun by the Egyptians.

Hethum abdicated in 1270 in favor of his son Leo, and lived out the rest of his life in a monastery, as a Franciscan monk.

Notes

References

• Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1995). Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 978-0521462266. 
• Boase, T. S. R. (1978). The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press. ISBN 0-7073-0145-9. 
• Bournoutian, George A. (2002). A Concise History of the Armenian People: From Ancient Times to the Present. Mazda Publishers. ISBN 1568591411.
• Grousset, René (1935) (in French). Histoire des Croisades III, 1188–1291. Editions Perrin. ISBN 2-262-02569-X. 
• Grousset, René (translator, Naomi Walford) (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-813-51304-1. OCLC 90972. 
• Dobraczinski, Jan (1979). Klíč moudrosti. Praha: Nakladatelství Vyšehrad. ISBN 33-540-79. 
• Toumanoff, C. (1966). "Armenia and Georgia". Cambridge Medieval History, vol. IV. 

External links

• Hethum Bio

Hethum I, King of Armenia House of Lambron
Regnal titles
Preceded by Queen Zabel	King of Armenia 1226–1270	Succeeded by Levon II

Persondata
Name	Hethum I, King Of Armenia
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth
Place of birth
Date of death	1271
Place of death